Tag: Weed Connection

Study: Cannabis Provides Sustained Relief for Patients With Treatment-Resistant Depression

London, United Kingdom: Patients suffering from treatment-resistant depression report sustained improvements in their health-related quality of life following the use of medical cannabis preparations, according to longitudinal data published in the Journal of Affective Disorders.

British investigators assessed the adjunctive use of cannabis-based medicinal products (CBMPs) in a cohort of 698 patients enrolled in the UK Medical Cannabis Registry. (British healthcare providers may prescribe cannabis-based medicinal products to patients unresponsive to conventional medications.) Patients’ outcomes were assessed at baseline and at 1, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months. Study participants consumed either herbal cannabis or oil extracts containing standardized concentrations of THC and CBD.

Consistent with prior observational studies, participants reported “improvement[s] in mood, anxiety, general health-related quality of life, and sleep” over the duration of the study, with subjects reporting the most dramatic changes during the first three months. Few participants reported any serious adverse events. Patients who presented with the most severe depressive symptoms at baseline exhibited the greatest overall improvement in their symptoms.

The study’s authors concluded: “This UK Medical Cannabis Registry study of patients with treatment-resistant depression prescribed CBMPs demonstrated sustained and clinically meaningful improvements in depression, anxiety, health-related quality of life, and sleep quality over 24 months. Improvements were most pronounced within the first three months and were sustained thereafter. Adverse events were infrequent and predominantly mild to moderate. … Further randomized controlled trials, stratified by comorbidity profiles and product composition, are required to confirm efficacy, optimize treatment regimens, and clarify long-term safety.”

Other observational studies assessing the use of cannabis products among patients enrolled in the UK Medical Cannabis Registry have reported them to be beneficial for those diagnosed with treatment-resistant epilepsy, cancer-related pain, anxiety, endometriosis, inflammatory bowel disease, hypermobility disorders, migraine, multiple sclerosis, osteoarthritis, substance use disorders, insomnia, and inflammatory arthritis, among other conditions.

Full text of the study, “UK Medical Cannabis Registry: A two-year case series of clinical outcomes in depression,” appears in the Journal of Affective Disorders.

CBD-Rich Cannabis Extracts Reduce ADHD Symptoms in Children With Autism

Tel Aviv, Israel: The administration of CBD-rich oil extracts in children with autism is associated with reduced impulsivity and improvements in other ADHD-related symptoms, according to data published in the journal Current Neuropharmacology.

Israeli researchers assessed the efficacy of CBD-dominant extracts in a cohort of children diagnosed with ASD (autism spectrum disorder) and ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) over three-to-six months. Study participants were assessed at baseline and at the completion of the study by their schoolteachers utilizing a standardized rating scale (the Conners’ Teaching Rating Scale questionnaire).

Assessments revealed “significant improvements … in the following categories: anxious-shyness, perfectionism, ADHD index, emotional liability, and hyperactive-impulsivity.” Participants also demonstrated reduced hyperactivity and improvements in their ability to maintain attention, though these changes did not reach statistical significance.

The study’s authors concluded: “This is the first prospective study to evaluate the effects of CBD-rich cannabis on ADHD symptoms in children with ASD using standardized teacher-based Assessments (CTRS). The findings indicate improvements in core behavioral domains. While previous studies have focused primarily on parent-reported outcomes or small-scale trials, our results support emerging evidence on the role of cannabinoids in modulating attention and emotional regulation. … These findings support the need for future clinical trials to validate efficacy and determine optimal dosing.”

Placebo-controlled clinical trials have previously demonstrated that CBD-rich cannabis extracts are safe and effective in mitigating symptoms in children with ASD, while observational studies indicate that cannabis inhalation reduces ASD symptoms in adults.

Full text of the study, “CBD-Rich cannabis therapy in children with autism spectrum disorder may improve symptoms of hyperactivity and attention deficit: An open-label study, appears in Current Neuropharmacology.

Survey: Medical Cannabis Use Common Among Cystic Fibrosis Patients

Vancouver, Canada: Patients with cystic fibrosis frequently acknowledge consuming cannabis products to ease their symptoms, according to survey data published in the journal BMJ Open Respiratory Research.

Canadian researchers surveyed 110 patients with either cystic fibrosis (CF) or cystic fibrosis-related disorders (CFTR). (Cannabis products are legal in Canada for both medical purposes and for adult use.)

Nearly half of those surveyed acknowledged being current cannabis consumers. Most (85 percent) consumers said that they used cannabis products explicitly for therapeutic relief, primarily for the treatment of insomnia, stress, anxiety, joint pain, low appetite, depression, and/or abdominal pain. Most respondents described cannabis as medically efficacious and said that it improved their health-related quality of life. Respondents frequently acknowledged cannabis to be “just as or more effective” than traditional prescription medications.

“Use of cannabis was common in this sample of adults with CF and CFTR-related disorder,” the study’s authors concluded. “Cannabis use and vaping should be routinely and openly discussed during CF clinic visits so that healthcare providers can ensure patients receive education about evidence for potential risks versus benefits and ultimately support patients in making informed decisions about cannabis use and vaping.”

Full text of the study, “Evaluating the use and perceptions of cannabis and vaping post-cannabis legalization in people with cystic fibrosis and CFTR-related disorders: Survey results from a large Canadian adult cystic fibrosis clinic,” appears in BMJ Open Respiratory Research.

Ohio: Attorney General Rejects Bid To Challenge Marijuana Recriminalization Law

Columbus, OH: The state’s Attorney General has rejected a petition that sought to repeal certain provisions of Senate Bill 56, arguing that the proposal’s summary language was misleading.

“Upon review of the summary, we identified omissions and misstatements that, as a whole, would mislead a potential signer as to the scope and effect of SB 56,” the AG determined.

In December, Republican Gov. Mike DeWine signed SB 56 into law. The law amends and repeals various provisions of Ohio’s voter-approved adult-use legalization law. Among the more significant changes, it criminalizes possessing marijuana products obtained from out-of-state, including products legally purchased at licensed dispensaries in neighboring jurisdictions. It also repeals provisions protecting adult-use consumers from facing either workplace or professional disciplinary action, as well as other forms of discrimination based solely upon their private marijuana use (such as the denial of parental rights or certain hospital procedures, such as organ transplants).

Other provisions in the law impose new criminal sanctions upon those who either possess or transport certain cannabis products if they are not in their original, unopened packaging and restrict the retail sale of hemp-derived products, including beverages, solely to state-licensed dispensaries.

Following the passage of SB 56, business owners and other advocates formed the group Ohioans for Cannabis Choice, which sought to place a referendum on the November ballot asking voters to reject the law. Activists now have the option of revising and resubmitting their petition for reconsideration.

A spokesperson for the groups says that it intends to do so, stating, “Voters this November will have the opportunity to say no to SB 56, no to government overreach, no to closing 6,000 businesses and abandoning thousands of Ohio workers, and no to defying the will of Ohioans who overwhelmingly supported legalizing cannabis in 2023.”

A summary of SB 56’s revisions to Ohio’s adult-use marijuana legalization and hemp laws is available from Ohio State University.

Clinical Trial: Cannabis Topicals Mitigate Pain, Improve Physical Functioning in Breast Cancer Patients

Minneapolis, MN: Breast cancer patients prescribed aromatase inhibitors (estrogen-blocking drugs) experience reduced musculoskeletal pain following their use of topical balms containing plant-derived cannabinoids, according to clinical trial data published in the journal Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research.

Researchers with the University of Minnesota evaluated the efficacy of CBD-dominant and THC-dominant topicals in 21 patients suffering from aromatase inhibitor-induced pain. Study participants were randomly selected to apply either CBD-dominant or THC-dominant balms on their hands, wrists, and fingers three times daily for at least two weeks. Cannabis products were provided at no cost by a state-licensed medical cannabis manufacturer.

Eighty-six percent of participants experienced improvements in their baseline pain scores, with patients using THC-dominant topicals reporting the greatest degree of pain relief. Benefits were sustained throughout the length of the trial (up to four weeks).

“Women with breast cancer and AIMSS [aromatase inhibitor-induced musculoskeletal syndrome] affecting hands and wrists reported improved pain and physical functioning when using THC and CBD balms. Use of topical cannabis balms was well tolerated and did not impact estradiol levels or lead to systemic THC absorption,” the study’s authors concluded. “Cannabis balms appear safe and may lead to improvement in AIMSS in patients with breast cancer. Future placebo-controlled trials with longer duration of use are needed.”

Previous clinical trials have similarly demonstrated the efficacy of CBD-infused topicals in treating osteoarthritic hand pain.

Full text of the study, “A randomized, open-label trial to assess feasibility and tolerability of topical cannabis balms for the treatment of aromatase inhibitor-associated musculoskeletal syndrome (AIMSS),” appears in Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research.

Czech Republic: Legislation Takes Effect Legalizing Personal Marijuana Possession

Prague, Czechia: Legislation legalizing the personal possession of cannabis took effect in the Czech Republic on January 1st.

Under the law, which was passed last year, those 21 or older may home-cultivate (up to three plants) and possess (up to 100 grams) cannabis in private without penalty. Adults may also legally possess lower amounts of cannabis (up to 25 grams) outside their homes.

Possessing larger quantities of cannabis or engaging in cannabis sales remains subject to civil and/or criminal penalties.

The Czech Republic is one of several European countries that have recently taken action to eliminate marijuana possession penalties. Last year, German lawmakers approved legislation permitting those 18 or older to possess limited quantities of cannabis. Lawmakers in Luxembourg and Malta have also enacted similar policies.

Canada: No Increase in Youth Cannabis Use Post Legalization

Ottawa, Canada: Rates of teen marijuana use in Canada have remained largely unchanged in the years following the adoption of adult-use legalization, according to data published in the journal Drug and Alcohol Dependence Reports.

Health Canada officials reviewed youth use data for the years prior to legalization and afterward.

They reported, “Overall, there was no change in prevalence of past 12-month, past 30-day, or frequent cannabis use” among students in grades 7 to 12. Researchers also reported no changes in young people’s age of cannabis initiation or in the percentage of teens who acknowledge driving after consuming cannabis.

The study’s authors concluded: “The current study provides estimates of cannabis use among a large, population-based sample of youth in the Canadian provinces over a 10-year period. … [It] examined grade 7–12 students and found no change in past 12-month cannabis use overall. … Continued public education programs can help maintain and improve youth awareness of the potential harms of cannabis.”

Data from the United States reports nationwide declines in youth marijuana use over the past decade, during which time nearly half of all states have adopted adult-use legalization.

Full text of the study, “Changes in patterns of use. And perceptions of cannabis among students in Canada: A decade of data from the Canadian Student Alcohol and Drugs Survey,” appears inDrug and Alcohol Dependence Reports.

Maine: Cannabis Sales Tax Hike Takes Effect

Augusta, ME: Sales taxes on the purchase of adult-use cannabis products rose nearly 30 percent on January 1, as new legislation took effect.

Under the new tax law, which lawmakers approved last year, consumers must pay a 14 percent sales tax on adult-use marijuana products (up from 10 percent). Medical cannabis products are subject to lower taxes.

Democratic Gov. Janet Mills had initially proposed the sales tax hike to address the state’s budget deficit.

Separate provisions in the tax bill, however, reduce certain excise taxes imposed upon cannabis cultivators, which may result in lower retail prices for consumers.

Maine is one of several states, including Maryland, Michigan, and Minnesota, where lawmakers last year voted to increase cannabis-related sales taxes. (Michigan’s tax increase is being challenged in court.) By contrast, in October, a legislative effort led by California NORML successfully rolled back marijuana-related taxes in that state.

NORML opposes excessive taxes on retail cannabis goods because they escalate prices out of reach for some consumers. “Excessive taxes drive a growing percentage of consumers to the unregulated market, thereby undermining the primary goal of legalization, which is to provide adults with safe, affordable, above-ground access to lab-tested products of known purity, potency, and quality,” NORML’s Deputy Director Paul Armentano said. “Tax increases also hurt state-licensed businesses and their employees because they increase their costs and reduce their customer base.”

2025 Year in Review: Top Ten Events in Marijuana Policy

#1: President Trump Takes Executive Action to Federally Reschedule Cannabis

President Donald Trump issued an executive order in December directing the US Attorney General to finalize a Biden-era recommendation to amend marijuana’s longstanding classification as a Schedule I federally controlled substance. Prior to signing the order, Trump said, “These facts compel the federal government to recognize that marijuana can be legitimate in terms of medical applications.”

Commenting on the order, NORML’s Deputy Director Paul Armentano said, “While such a move potentially provides some benefits to patients, and veterans especially, it still falls well short of the changes necessary to bring federal marijuana policy into the 21st century.”

Despite the Administration’s action, it remains unclear when a change in marijuana’s federal scheduling will be codified. Any final order to reclassify cannabis is subject to a period of judicial review, whereby interested parties have an opportunity to challenge the order, which could further delay its implementation.

#2: GOP Lawmakers Undermine Voter-Approved Marijuana Measures

Republican lawmakers in various states took actions this year amending or repealing voter-approved marijuana laws.

In Texas, Republican Attorney General Ken Paxton sued several cities, including Austin and San Marcos, to overturn voter-initiated marijuana depenalization laws. In Nebraska, lawmakers and regulators gutted the state’s voter-approved medical cannabis access law by rescinding patients’ access to botanical cannabis, among other restrictions. In Ohio, Republican lawmakers approved legislation rolling back legal protections for adult-use cannabis consumers and recriminalizing various marijuana-related activities, including obtaining cannabis products from out-of-state retailers.

In response to this trend, NORML’s Deputy Director Paul Armentano said: “In a healthy democracy, those with competing visions on public policy vie for voters’ support and abide by their voting decisions. However, it is becoming clear that those who oppose marijuana policy reform would rather take voters out of the equation altogether. Whether or not one personally supports or opposes cannabis legalization, these undemocratic tactics ought to cause deep concern.”

#3 Federal Data: Teen Marijuana Use Continues Historic Decline

Federally funded survey data compiled by the University of Michigan in December reports that teens’ use of marijuana has declined significantly since states began regulating adult-use cannabis markets, and it now stands at or near historic lows.

Between 2012 and 2025, the percentage of 12th graders reporting having ever used cannabis fell by 23 percent. Among 10th graders, it fell 35 percent. Among 8th graders, lifetime use dropped 17 percent. During that same time period, past-year cannabis use fell 30 percent among 12th graders, 44 percent among 10th graders, and 34 percent among 8th graders. The percentage of teens reporting having consumed cannabis over the past 30 days also declined significantly — falling 25 percent among 12th graders, 45 percent among 10th graders, and 38 percent among 8th graders.

“We are encouraged that adolescent drug use remains relatively low and that so many teens choose not to use drugs at all,” said Dr. Nora D. Volkow, Director of NIH’s National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), in a press release.

#4: Congress Approves Legislation Restricting Sales of Hemp-Derived Intoxicants

Federal lawmakers in November finalized and passed legislation recriminalizing the sale of certain hemp-derived intoxicating products. The law – which doesn’t take effect until November 2026 – redefines federally legal hemp products only to include those containing no more than either 0.3 percent or 0.4 milligrams of THC or other cannabinoids that produce similar effects, including THCA. In addition, it criminalizes “any intermediate hemp-derived cannabinoid products which are marketed or sold as a final product or directly to an end consumer for personal or household use” as well as products that are produced following chemical synthesis, such as those high in delta-8 THC content.

While the revised language is not explicitly intended to target hemp-derived, non-intoxicating CBD products, some industry advocates fear that these products will also ultimately be banned by the legislation because they often contain trace levels of THC. However, in December, President Trump called on his aides to work with Congress to ensure that patients do not lose access to regulated CBD products.

#5: Marijuana Arrests Continue to Decline

State and local law enforcement made nearly 190,000 marijuana possession-related arrests in 2024, according to data compiled by the US Federal Bureau of Investigation and posted on its Crime Data Explorer website. While that total represents a 30-year low, marijuana-related arrests still comprise more than 22 percent of all drug arrests nationwide. In five states (Idaho, Iowa, Louisiana, Nebraska, and Wisconsin), more than half of all drug-related arrests reported by state and local law enforcement agencies in 2024 were cannabis-related.

Marijuana arrests peaked in the United States in 2007, when police made over 870,000 marijuana-related arrests. At that time, just under half (48 percent) of all drug-related arrests in the United States were for marijuana-related violations.

#6: Longitudinal Trials Show Cannabis Provides Sustained Benefits for Patients

Chronically ill patients experience sustained symptomatic relief from either herbal cannabis or oil extracts, according to the findings of numerous longitudinal trials published in 2025.

According to the results of the trials, which included thousands of patients, cannabis preparations were safe and effective for periods of up to 18 months for those suffering from pain, insomnia, fibromyalgia, treatment-resistant epilepsy, post-traumatic stress, hypermobility disorders, endometriosis, and numerous other conditions.

Most of the participants in the trials are enrolled in the UK Medical Cannabis Registry. Under British law, health care providers may prescribe cannabis-based medicinal products to patients unresponsive to conventional medications.

#7 November Election Outcomes Could Reshape East Coast Cannabis Markets

The election of Democratic Governors in New Jersey and Virginia could lead to the expansion of those states’ adult-use cannabis policies in 2026.

In Virginia, Abigail Spanberger will replace Republican Gov. Glenn Youngkin, who on multiple occasions vetoed legislation regulating the retail sale of cannabis products to adults. By contrast, Governor-elect Spanberger has pledged, “I look forward to working with our General Assembly to find a path forward to creating a legalized retail market for cannabis that both prioritizes public safety and grows Virginia’s economy.”

In New Jersey, Governor-elect Mikie Sherrill supports expanding New Jersey’s adult-use cannabis program, including allowing home cultivation and improving consumer access, safety, and affordability.

#8: Studies Consistently Show Cannabis Access Reduces Alcohol Consumption

Several studies published in 2025 report that consumers significantly reduce their alcohol intake following the use of cannabis.

In one study, subjects in a laboratory setting reduced their intake of alcoholic beverages by 25 percent following cannabis inhalation. In another study, participants reduced their alcohol intake by as much as 27 percent following cannabis consumption.

Finally, in a third study, patients seeking treatment for alcohol use disorder “consumed a mean of 8.08 daily MAP [Managed Alcohol Program]-provided standard drinks prior to the introduction of cannabis substitution and a mean of 6.45 daily MAP-provided standard drinks after its introduction.”

Commenting on the consistent results, NORML’s Deputy Director Paul Armentano said: “These findings provide support for the idea that legal cannabis can serve as a substitute for alcohol among certain individuals, and that legal cannabis markets may, in some instances, disrupt alcohol-dominant marketplaces.”

#9: Marijuana Legalization Support Remains High, But Dips Among Republicans

Nearly two out of three US adults say that “the use of marijuana should be legal,” according to nationwide polling data compiled in November by Gallup. That percentage represents a slight dip from 2024 data, when 68 percent of respondents backed legalization.

The percentage change was primarily driven by declining support among Republicans – only 40 percent of whom endorse marijuana legalization. By contrast, 85 percent of Democrats support legalization – a near all-time high, as do 66 percent of Independents.

Historically, Republicans have been less likely than either Democrats or Independents to express support for legalization. In 2023, 55 percent of Republicans endorsed legalizing marijuana, the highest percentage ever.

#10: NIH Database Now Includes Over 53,000 Cannabis-Related Studies

For the fifth consecutive year, researchers worldwide published over 4,000 scientific papers specific to cannabis, its active constituents, and their effects, according to the results of a keyword search of the National Library of Medicine/PubMed.gov website.

“Despite the perception that marijuana has yet to be subject to adequate scientific scrutiny, scientists’ interest in studying cannabis has increased exponentially in the past decade, as has our understanding of the plant, its active constituents, their mechanisms of action, and their effects on both the user and upon society,” NORML’s Deputy Director Paul Armentano said. “It is time for politicians and others to stop assessing cannabis through the lens of ‘what we don’t know’ and instead start engaging in evidence-based discussions about marijuana and marijuana reform policies that are indicative of all that we do know.”

Over the past decade, there has been a dramatic increase in scientific inquiries about the cannabis plant — with researchers publishing more than 37,000 scientific papers about cannabis since the beginning of 2015. As of this writing, PubMed.gov cites over 53,000 scientific papers on marijuana dating back to the year 1840.