Category: News

Analysis: Medical Cannabis Products Provide Sustained Improvements in Patients With Chronic Pain, Anxiety, and Depression

Toronto, Canada: Patients authorized to use medical cannabis products experience sustained improvements in their pain, anxiety, depression, and quality of life, according to observational data published in the Canadian Journal of Pain.

Researchers assessed the real-world effectiveness of cannabis products in a cohort of 139 Canadian patients authorized to use medical cannabis. (Nearly 200,000 Canadians are currently registered in Canada’s medical cannabis access program.) Patients’ symptoms were assessed at baseline, 6, 12, and 24 weeks.

Consistent with other long-term observational studies, patients experienced notable improvements in their pain, anxiety, depression, sleep duration, and quality of life. These improvements were maintained throughout the duration of the study. Few, if any, significant adverse events were associated with cannabis treatment.

The study’s authors concluded: “Patients in the study had improved scores with respect to a reduction in pain and pain-related disability, anxiety, depression, sleep, and overall quality of life. Often, the benefits of MC [medical cannabis] were maintained long-term into Week 24. Further data from the … study may offer additional insights into the usage of medical cannabis products and their potential benefits in the general population and inform dosing for future clinical trials focused on cohorts with specific medical conditions or indications.”

According to a recently published meta-analysis of 64 studies, most patients consuming medical cannabis products experience sustained improvements in their health-related quality of life. “Improvements [are] observed across multiple health conditions over short-, medium- and long-term follow-up,” researchers determined.

Full text of the study, “Canadian real-world evidence: Observational 24-week outcomes for health care practitioner authorized cannabis,” appears in the Canadian Journal of Pain.

Study: Retail Cannabis Access Associated With Decline in Suicides Among Older Adults

Atlanta, GA: The opening of state-licensed adult-use cannabis retailers is associated with fewer suicides among mid-life and older adults, according to data published by the National Bureau of Economic Research.

Researchers affiliated with Emory University assessed the relationship between adult-use marijuana legalization and suicide rates. They determined: “Suicide rates among adults aged 45 and older decline following the opening of recreational marijuana dispensaries, while there is no effect among those ages 25-44. … These results hold when controlling for other state-level factors such as beer and cigarette taxes, opioid policies, unemployment rates, poverty, and income, none of which show significant impacts on suicide rates in this demographic. … These findings are important because of the implication that access to recreational marijuana has palliative effects among older populations which manifest in lower suicide rates.”

The study’s authors concluded: “These findings contribute to the growing body of literature on the public health impacts of marijuana legalization, offering evidence that recreational dispensary openings may play a role in reducing suicides among older adults, particularly in vulnerable subgroups. Although further research is needed to explore the underlying mechanisms driving these effects, these results point to one potential benefit of legalized recreational marijuana.”

Full text of the study, “Marijuana legalization and suicides among older adults,” is available from the National Bureau of Economic Research.

Ohio: Attorney General Certifies Proposed Referendum Challenging Marijuana Recriminalization Law

Columbus, OH: The state’s Attorney General has authorized petitioners to begin collecting signatures in favor of a proposed referendum challenging a GOP-backed law recriminalizing certain marijuana-related activities.

In December, Republican Gov. Mike DeWine signed SB 56 into law. The law amends and repeals various provisions of Ohio’s voter-approved adult-use legalization law. Among the more significant changes, it criminalizes possessing marijuana products obtained from out-of-state, including products legally purchased at licensed dispensaries in neighboring jurisdictions. It also repeals provisions protecting adult-use consumers from facing either workplace or professional disciplinary action, as well as other forms of discrimination based solely upon their private marijuana use (such as the denial of parental rights or certain hospital procedures, such as organ transplants).

Other provisions in the law impose new criminal sanctions upon those who either possess or transport certain cannabis products if they are not in their original, unopened packaging and restrict the retail sale of hemp-derived products, including beverages, solely to state-licensed dispensaries.

Following the passage of SB 56, business owners and other advocates formed the group Ohioans for Cannabis Choice, which is pushing back against the new restrictions. The AG’s office rejected a prior petition submitted by the group due to potentially “misleading” language. By contrast, other statewide cannabis interest groups have expressed opposition to the referendum.

Organizers need to collect approximately 250,000 signatures from Ohio voters to place the referendum before voters in November.

A summary of SB 56’s revisions to Ohio’s adult-use marijuana legalization and hemp laws is available from Ohio State University.

Review: THC Concentrations Are “Unreliable” Indicators of Driving Impairment

Providence, RI: The detection of THC in biological fluids is not predictive of psychomotor impairment, according to a literature review published in the journal Current Addiction Reports.

Researchers at Brown University affirmed: “There are no reliable or practical biochemical or behavioral methods used in real-time with drivers on the road to determine cannabis-induced impairment. … Many studies have found weak or non-existent correlations between THC concentrations in blood, oral fluid, or breath and actual driving performance or impairment.”

That finding is consistent with the opinions of numerous scientists and traffic safety groups, including the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and the American Automobile Association.

The study’s authors concluded: “These findings collectively underscore that THC concentrations in common biofluids (e.g., blood and saliva) and exhaled breath are unreliable as sole indicators of current driving impairment. … There are no empirically supported thresholds for blood or oral fluids that reliably indicate cannabis impairment.”

Nonetheless, several states impose per se limits for motorists who are determined to have trace levels of THC in their blood or other bodily fluids. (These laws criminalize operating a motor vehicle with detectable quantities of THC or its metabolites, even absent evidence of driving impairment.) Several studies have determined that subjects may continue to test positive for traces of THC in their blood and oral fluids for days post-abstinence.

NORML has long opposed the imposition of per se THC limits for motorists and has alternatively called for the expanded use of mobile performance technology like DRUID. In a peer-reviewed paper published by the Humboldt Journal of Social Relations, NORML’s Deputy Director Paul Armentano wrote: “The sole presence of THC and/or its metabolites in blood, particularly at low levels, is an inconsistent and largely inappropriate indicator of psychomotor impairment in cannabis consuming subjects. … Lawmakers would be advised to consider alternative legislative approaches to address concerns over DUI cannabis behavior that do not rely solely on the presence of THC or its metabolites in blood or urine as determinants of guilt in a court of law. Otherwise, the imposition of traffic safety laws may inadvertently become a criminal mechanism for law enforcement and prosecutors to punish those who have engaged in legally protected behavior and who have not posed any actionable traffic safety threat.”

Full text of the study, “Recent advances in the science of cannabis-impaired driving,” appears in Current Addiction Reports.

Analysis: In Utero Cannabis Exposure Not Associated With Later Developmental Delays

Chapel Hill, NC: Infants exposed to cannabis in utero are no more likely to require emergency department care or suffer from developmental delays than non-exposed children, according to data published in the journal Academic Pediatrics.

Investigators affiliated with the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill examined the relationship between in utero cannabis exposure and infants’ health care utilization and developmental outcomes.

“Compared to those unexposed, … children who were exposed to cannabis in utero have similar WCC [well child care] attendance and ED [emergency department] use over the first 2 years and similar developmental outcomes at 3 years,” researchers reported.

The authors acknowledged that their results were consistent with those of other studies, finding no differences in ED visits or developmental delays among cannabis-exposed and cannabis-unexposed children.

Although many studies have associated in utero cannabis exposure with low birth weight, longitudinal studies following in utero-exposed infants to adulthood have generally failed to identify “any long-term or long lasting meaningful differences” in their neurodevelopment.

Full text of the study, “Health care utilization and developmental delay among infants exposed to cannabis in utero,” appears in Academic Pediatrics.

California: Supreme Court Rules Police Can’t Search Vehicles Based on “Weed Crumbs”

Sacramento, CA: Police may neither charge a motorist with violating California’s “open container law” nor search a person’s vehicle solely upon the identification of a small quantity of marijuana “crumbs” on the floorboards, according to a ruling handed down by the state’s Supreme Court.

In a unanimous opinion, the Justices determined that the state’s “open container” law should not be applied so broadly as to pertain to situations where police find “any loose marijuana” in a motor vehicle. Rather, the court decided that the marijuana “must be of a usable quantity, in imminently usable condition, and readily accessible to an occupant” to constitute a violation of the state’s “open container” law.

The Court further determined that a police officer’s identification of “weed crumbs” does not provide probable cause for a warrantless vehicle search. They ruled, “The marijuana-related conduct here – possession of the rolling tray on the backseat and the crumbs on the floor [totaling 0.36 grams] – was lawful and alone was insufficient to find probable cause of a violation of California’s controlled substances law.”

The Supreme Court’s ruling reverses the decision of the California Court of Appeals, which had previously granted police the authority to search the defendant’s vehicle based upon a finding of probable cause.

The case is Sellers v. The Superior Court of Sacramento County.

Oklahoma: Governor Says State’s Medical Marijuana Program a “Pandora’s Box,” Calls for It To Be “Shut Down”

Oklahoma City, OK: Republican Gov. Kevin Stitt says that the state’s voter-approved medical cannabis access law “opened a Pandora’s Box” and should be repealed.

Speaking Monday during his State of the State address, the Governor said: “This industry is plagued by foreign criminal interests and bad actors, making it nearly impossible to rein in. We can’t put a Band-aid on a broken bone. Knowing what we know, it’s time to let Oklahomans bring safety and sanity back to their neighborhoods. Send the marijuana issue back to the vote of the people and shut it down.”

On Tuesday, the state’s Attorney General similarly said that he would like to see the medical cannabis industry “gone.”

Fifty-seven percent of Oklahomans approved a ballot initiative in 2018 legalizing the production and dispensing of cannabis for authorized patients. Approximately 320,000 Oklahomans are currently registered with the state to access medical cannabis products.

Despite the Governor’s claims of foreign involvement in the state’s medical cannabis industry, DEA statistics published last year reported interdicting only 15 Chinese-affiliated illegal marijuana grow operations nationwide.

Since 2022, Oklahoma lawmakers have imposed a moratorium prohibiting regulators from issuing licenses for any new medical cannabis dispensaries, processors, or commercial growers. Approximately 1,450 dispensaries are currently licensed in the state.

Earlier this year, representatives from the Oklahoma Bureau of Narcotics publicly alleged that nearly half of the marijuana sold illegally in the United States originates from the state. However, other state agencies said that they had no data to substantiate those claims.

Florida: DeSantis Administration Says Marijuana Legalization Won’t Appear on November’s Ballot, Petitioners Say Otherwise

Tallahassee, FL: Election officials and the state’s Attorney General announced this week that petitioners behind a proposed ballot initiative legalizing adult-use retail marijuana sales had failed to gather the requisite number of signatures to qualify it for the November ballot. But representatives with the campaign are challenging the state’s count and have called the administration’s declaration “premature.”

According to a campaign spokesperson, representatives from the Smart & Safe Florida campaign submitted over 1.4 million signatures from Florida voters – far more than the 880,062 signatures necessary. To date, however, election officials have verified fewer than 784,000 total signatures.

Specifically, the campaign is challenging the state’s dismissal of at least 98,000 signatures, which, if determined valid, would be sufficient to qualify it for this year’s ballot.

Petitioners qualified a similar measure on the 2024 ballot. That proposal gained 56 percent of the vote, just shy of the 60 percent threshold required to pass a constitutional amendment in Florida. (Florida is the only state that requires citizen-initiated measures to gain more than a simple majority.)

The DeSantis administration has vigorously opposed both efforts. In May, Gov. DeSantis signed legislation making it harder for parties to qualify measures for the electoral ballot. Last month, state election officials audited the work of several counties, which they alleged had not properly verified voters’ signatures. Most recently, the state launched a criminal probe to investigate the actions of various petitioners involved with the Smart & Safer campaign. Separately, the Attorney General’s office had previously challenged the wording of the proposed measure in court, calling it “unconstitutional.”

Historically, Florida has been among the states with the highest number of annual marijuana-related arrests. Under state law, possession of 20 grams or less of marijuana is a criminal misdemeanor, punishable by up to one year in jail and a $1,000 fine. Possessing greater amounts is a felony offense, punishable by up to five years in prison.

Additional information is available from Smart & Safe Florida.

Analysis: Marijuana Access Associated With “Striking” Decline in Daily Opioid Use by IV Drug Consumers

Boston, MA: Adult-use marijuana legalization markets are associated with significant declines in non-medical opioid use among people who inject drugs (PWID), according to data published in the journal Drug and Alcohol Dependence.

Researchers affiliated with Boston University’s School of Public Health and Emory University evaluated trends in non-prescription opioid use among PWIDs in 13 states following marijuana legalization.

Investigators identified “striking” declines in the prevalence of daily opioid use post-legalization. “Notably, the magnitude of this decline was equivalent across all racial and ethnic groups and for males and females,” investigators reported.

The study’s authors concluded, “Our findings suggest that ongoing efforts to reduce regulatory barriers and legal and criminal consequences of cannabis use via RCL+MCLs [recreational cannabis legalization and medical cannabis legalization] may have the potential to help reduce overdoses and other opioid-related harms among PWID.”

Previous studies have reported that cannabis can reduce cravings and mitigate withdrawal symptoms in opioid-dependent subjects. Data from Canada finds that people who inject opioids are more likely to cease their behavior if they regularly consume cannabis.

Full text of the study, “Cannabis legalization and cannabis and opioid use in a large, multistate sample of people who inject drugs: A staggered adoption difference-in-differences analysis,” appears in Drug and Alcohol Dependence.

Study: Cannabis Formulations Associated With Reduced Pain, Improved Quality of Life in Endometriosis Patients

Wellington, New Zealand: Endometriosis patients experience decreased pain and improvements to their health-related quality of life following the medically authorized use of standardized cannabis formulations, according to observational data published in the journal BMJ Complementary Medicine and Therapies.

New Zealand investigators assessed the safety and efficacy of cannabis products in a cohort of 28 patients with endometriosis. (Medically authorized access to cannabis products is legal in New Zealand.) Study participants consumed either CBD-dominant oil extracts or CBD in combination with herbal cannabis for three months as an adjunct to their standard medications. Study subjects possessed no history of recent cannabis use before enrolling in the study.

Consistent with prior studies, cannabis therapy was associated with less pain and improved health-related quality of life.

“There was a difference between pain scores for week 1 compared to week 12 with a decrease in ‘overall’ pain from 5.46 to 3.77 and ‘worst’ pain from 7.62 to 5.38,” researchers reported. “Across the whole cohort, there was a substantial decrease in mean total EHP-30 [the Endometriosis Health Profile 30 standardized questionnaire] score from 68.77 at baseline to 37.40 after 3 months which indicates improved quality of life.”

The study’s authors concluded, “Our findings suggest that usage of medicinal cannabis had limited adverse events and resulted in a decrease in pain and improved quality of life over a 12-week period.”

Endometriosis patients enrolled in the United Kingdom’s Medical Cannabis Registry similarly report that the long-term use of cannabis preparations provides sustained symptomatic relief. In surveys, patients with endometriosis frequently acknowledge cannabis to be more effective at treating their symptoms than traditional pharmaceuticals.

Full text of the study, “Perceived impact of medicinal cannabis on pelvic pain and endometriosis related symptoms in Aotearoa New Zealand: An observational cohort study,” appears in BMJ Complementary Medicine and Therapies.

Analysis: Aggregate Harms Associated With Use of Alcohol, Tobacco Far Outweigh Cannabis-Related Risks

Toronto, Canada: The use of alcohol and tobacco causes far greater overall harms to both individual consumers and to society than does cannabis, according to a scientific analysis published in the Journal of Psychopharmacology.

An international working group of experts assessed the aggregate harms associated with the use of sixteen psychoactive substances, including alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, opioids, benzodiazepines, and methamphetamine. Substances were scored based upon the likelihood that their use causes specific harms to the user (e.g., mortality risk, physical or mental health damage, dependence, etc.) and/or to others (e.g., environmental damage, economic loss, motor vehicle injuries, etc.).

Experts ranked alcohol as the substance associated with the greatest overall harm, followed by tobacco, non-prescription opioids, cocaine, and methamphetamine.

The finding is consistent with those of other international expert panels, including those conducted in Australia, the European Union, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom, which all rank alcohol as the drug responsible for the greatest amount of overall harm. Similarly, a 2024 US study published in the Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs determined that “secondhand harms from others’ alcohol use were substantially more prevalent than those from others’ use of any other drug.” A more recent evaluation in the United States ranked only fentanyl, methamphetamine, crack, and heroin above alcohol in terms of potential harm.

Full text of the study, “Drug harms in Canada: A multi-criteria decision analysis,” appears in the Journal of Psychopharmacology.

Massachusetts: Commissioners Reject Claims That Petitioners Fraudulently Obtained Signatures for Marijuana Repeal Effort

Boston, MA: Representatives of the State Ballot Law Commission are allowing an anti-marijuana initiative effort to move forward despite claims that signature gatherers misled some voters into signing the petition.

Last week, commissioners dismissed the complaint, finding that there was insufficient evidence to substantiate widespread fraud. To prevail in the case, proponents needed to establish that nearly 4,000 voters had been misled to sign the petition.

The initiative, entitled ‘An Act to Restore a Sensible Marijuana Policy,’ seeks to repeal Massachusetts laws permitting adults to home-cultivate marijuana and regulating the adult-use retail cannabis market. Those laws were enacted by voters in 2016. Prohibition groups are funding ballot efforts in three states – Arizona, Maine, and Massachusetts – to repeal voter-initiated adult-use legalization laws.

The commission’s decision came despite polling data indicating that a large percentage of Massachusetts’ voters say they would have refused to sign the initiative petition had they better understood its intentions. Voters in Maine have made similar allegations. However, state officials there have responded that canvassers’ misrepresentation of their efforts is First Amendment-protected speech.

Survey: Most Primary Care Physicians Say They Are “Not Comfortable” Counseling Patients About Medical Cannabis

La Jolla, CA: Most primary care physicians are unwilling to answer their patients’ questions about medical cannabis, according to survey data published in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

Investigators affiliated with the University of California at San Diego surveyed a cohort of internal medicine and family medicine physicians from San Diego, California.

Respondents said that their patients frequently inquire about medical cannabis use, but most acknowledged “not feeling competent” discussing the issue – a finding that is consistent with other studies.

Researchers reported: “Primary care physicians are asked about cannabis for therapeutic purposes by patients of all ages, but few are prepared to provide advice. … Physicians were generally not comfortable counseling patients of any age about cannabis use due to limited training and an incomplete evidence base. Some shifted responsibility to the patient, urging them to use cannabis ‘at their own risk,’ or referring to experts in specialty clinics or cannabis dispensary workers.”

While over two-thirds of health care practitioners nationwide acknowledge that cannabis possesses medical utility, most refuse to speak to their patients about it, and many say that they do not receive adequate medical training on cannabis-related issues.

Full text of the study, “Exploring physicians’ perspectives on cannabis use for therapeutic purposes with a focus on older versus younger adults,” appears in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

Clinical Trial: Short-Term CBD Dosing Not Associated With Liver Abnormalities

Brisbane, Australia: The use of CBD-dominant medical cannabis products by cancer patients is not associated with liver damage, including the elevated production of the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzyme, according to clinical trial data published in the journal BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care.

Australian researchers assessed the potential impact of daily CBD administration (up to 600 mg per day) on liver health in a cohort of 287 patients with advanced cancer. (Australian law permits physicians to authorize cannabis products to patients unresponsive to conventional prescription treatments.) Investigators measured patients’ ALT and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels at baseline, day 14, and day 28. (High levels of these enzymes in blood signals liver cell damage or disease.)

They reported no significant elevations in patients’ ALT and AST levels over the duration of the study. “Medicinal cannabis products did not have a significant adverse impact on ALT or AST levels,” the study’s authors concluded.

Prior studies assessing the influence of CBD on liver health have yielded inconsistent results. While studies involving healthy volunteers have typically failed to demonstrate an association between short-term CBD dosing and elevated liver enzymes, other studies of certain higher-risk patient populations – such as those with kidney failure – have shown minor increases in liver enzyme production, though the clinical significance of these changes remains unclear.

Full text of the study, “Liver enzyme effects of medicinal cannabis in advanced cancer: A sub-study of two randomized trials,” appears in BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care.

Clinical Trial: Plant-Derived Cannabis Formulations Show Comparable Efficacy to Lorazepam in Insomnia Patients

Khlong Hok, Thailand: Plant-derived cannabis preparations provide comparable benefits to lorazepam in patients with chronic insomnia, according to randomized clinical trial data published in the journal Sleep Medicine.

Thai investigators compared the safety and efficacy of a pair of plant-derived cannabis preparations to the benzodiazepine lorazepam in 60 adults diagnosed with chronic insomnia. Subjects were randomly assigned to consume either lorazepam, cannabis oil extracts, or an oral pill containing cannabinoids and other traditional herbal compounds. Participants consumed the products before bedtime for four weeks.

All three interventions significantly improved subjective sleep quality as measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, researchers reported. However, cannabis preparations provided superior improvements in patients’ overall health-related quality of life.

“Our findings suggest that culturally rooted herbal remedies and regulated cannabis oil preparations may offer a holistic benefit profile by targeting both nocturnal symptoms and daytime well-being,” the study’s authors concluded. “Given the global push toward reducing benzodiazepine prescriptions due to safety concerns, the availability of validated herbal and cannabis-based alternatives is of high clinical value.”

Surveys find that consumers frequently report using cannabis as a sleep enhancer. In jurisdictions where cannabis products are legally available, sales of over-the-counter sleep medicines decline, as do prescription sales of opioids and benzodiazepines.

Full text of the study, “Integrative therapies for chronic insomnia: A randomized controlled trial of a traditional Thai herbal remedy and cannabis sativa oil,” appears in Sleep Medicine.

Case Studies: Cannabis Provides Sustained Improvements in Adolescents With Tourette Syndrome

Hannover, Germany: The use of plant-derived cannabis preparations is safe and clinically effective in adolescents suffering from Tourette syndrome (TS), according to the conclusions of a pair of case studies published in the journal Frontiers in Psychiatry.

German researchers reported on the long-term use of cannabis in two male adolescents with TS. Both subjects utilized cannabis formulations (either oil extracts or vaporized flower) daily for several years.

Investigators reported: “Long-term treatment with different THC-containing cannabinoids resulted not only in a constant improvement of tics, psychiatric comorbidities, and quality of life, but also did not cause severe adverse effects and in particular no psychological symptoms such as anxiety, psychosis, and substance abuse including CUD [cannabis use disorder]. Most importantly, neurocognitive test results during the course of therapy showed no evidence that the patients’ cognitive abilities had become below average. There was also no indication of behavioral abnormalities, social problems, neglection of social interests, or loss of interests, motivation, and drive. This is remarkable, since in both patients CBM [cannabis-based medicine] treatment was initiated before puberty and doses of THC were relatively high.”

The study’s authors concluded: “In both patients, CBM [cannabis-based medicine] treatment resulted in continued benefit with significant improvement of tics and psychiatric comorbidities without severe adverse effects. … Although generalizability from our case reports of two single patients is limited, we suggest [that health professionals] take treatment with THC-containing drugs into consideration in severely affected and otherwise treatment refractory children and adolescents before thinking of surgical treatment using deep brain stimulation.”

Placebo-controlled clinical trial data demonstrate that cannabinoid extracts reduce tic frequency and severity in TS, while observational studies have shown long-term benefits in TS patients who inhale cannabis flower.

Full text of the study, “Long-term use of cannabis-based medicines in two children with Tourette syndrome: A case report,” appears in Frontiers in Psychiatry.

Study: Cannabis Provides Sustained Relief for Patients With Treatment-Resistant Depression

London, United Kingdom: Patients suffering from treatment-resistant depression report sustained improvements in their health-related quality of life following the use of medical cannabis preparations, according to longitudinal data published in the Journal of Affective Disorders.

British investigators assessed the adjunctive use of cannabis-based medicinal products (CBMPs) in a cohort of 698 patients enrolled in the UK Medical Cannabis Registry. (British healthcare providers may prescribe cannabis-based medicinal products to patients unresponsive to conventional medications.) Patients’ outcomes were assessed at baseline and at 1, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months. Study participants consumed either herbal cannabis or oil extracts containing standardized concentrations of THC and CBD.

Consistent with prior observational studies, participants reported “improvement[s] in mood, anxiety, general health-related quality of life, and sleep” over the duration of the study, with subjects reporting the most dramatic changes during the first three months. Few participants reported any serious adverse events. Patients who presented with the most severe depressive symptoms at baseline exhibited the greatest overall improvement in their symptoms.

The study’s authors concluded: “This UK Medical Cannabis Registry study of patients with treatment-resistant depression prescribed CBMPs demonstrated sustained and clinically meaningful improvements in depression, anxiety, health-related quality of life, and sleep quality over 24 months. Improvements were most pronounced within the first three months and were sustained thereafter. Adverse events were infrequent and predominantly mild to moderate. … Further randomized controlled trials, stratified by comorbidity profiles and product composition, are required to confirm efficacy, optimize treatment regimens, and clarify long-term safety.”

Other observational studies assessing the use of cannabis products among patients enrolled in the UK Medical Cannabis Registry have reported them to be beneficial for those diagnosed with treatment-resistant epilepsy, cancer-related pain, anxiety, endometriosis, inflammatory bowel disease, hypermobility disorders, migraine, multiple sclerosis, osteoarthritis, substance use disorders, insomnia, and inflammatory arthritis, among other conditions.

Full text of the study, “UK Medical Cannabis Registry: A two-year case series of clinical outcomes in depression,” appears in the Journal of Affective Disorders.

CBD-Rich Cannabis Extracts Reduce ADHD Symptoms in Children With Autism

Tel Aviv, Israel: The administration of CBD-rich oil extracts in children with autism is associated with reduced impulsivity and improvements in other ADHD-related symptoms, according to data published in the journal Current Neuropharmacology.

Israeli researchers assessed the efficacy of CBD-dominant extracts in a cohort of children diagnosed with ASD (autism spectrum disorder) and ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) over three-to-six months. Study participants were assessed at baseline and at the completion of the study by their schoolteachers utilizing a standardized rating scale (the Conners’ Teaching Rating Scale questionnaire).

Assessments revealed “significant improvements … in the following categories: anxious-shyness, perfectionism, ADHD index, emotional liability, and hyperactive-impulsivity.” Participants also demonstrated reduced hyperactivity and improvements in their ability to maintain attention, though these changes did not reach statistical significance.

The study’s authors concluded: “This is the first prospective study to evaluate the effects of CBD-rich cannabis on ADHD symptoms in children with ASD using standardized teacher-based Assessments (CTRS). The findings indicate improvements in core behavioral domains. While previous studies have focused primarily on parent-reported outcomes or small-scale trials, our results support emerging evidence on the role of cannabinoids in modulating attention and emotional regulation. … These findings support the need for future clinical trials to validate efficacy and determine optimal dosing.”

Placebo-controlled clinical trials have previously demonstrated that CBD-rich cannabis extracts are safe and effective in mitigating symptoms in children with ASD, while observational studies indicate that cannabis inhalation reduces ASD symptoms in adults.

Full text of the study, “CBD-Rich cannabis therapy in children with autism spectrum disorder may improve symptoms of hyperactivity and attention deficit: An open-label study, appears in Current Neuropharmacology.

Survey: Medical Cannabis Use Common Among Cystic Fibrosis Patients

Vancouver, Canada: Patients with cystic fibrosis frequently acknowledge consuming cannabis products to ease their symptoms, according to survey data published in the journal BMJ Open Respiratory Research.

Canadian researchers surveyed 110 patients with either cystic fibrosis (CF) or cystic fibrosis-related disorders (CFTR). (Cannabis products are legal in Canada for both medical purposes and for adult use.)

Nearly half of those surveyed acknowledged being current cannabis consumers. Most (85 percent) consumers said that they used cannabis products explicitly for therapeutic relief, primarily for the treatment of insomnia, stress, anxiety, joint pain, low appetite, depression, and/or abdominal pain. Most respondents described cannabis as medically efficacious and said that it improved their health-related quality of life. Respondents frequently acknowledged cannabis to be “just as or more effective” than traditional prescription medications.

“Use of cannabis was common in this sample of adults with CF and CFTR-related disorder,” the study’s authors concluded. “Cannabis use and vaping should be routinely and openly discussed during CF clinic visits so that healthcare providers can ensure patients receive education about evidence for potential risks versus benefits and ultimately support patients in making informed decisions about cannabis use and vaping.”

Full text of the study, “Evaluating the use and perceptions of cannabis and vaping post-cannabis legalization in people with cystic fibrosis and CFTR-related disorders: Survey results from a large Canadian adult cystic fibrosis clinic,” appears in BMJ Open Respiratory Research.

Ohio: Attorney General Rejects Bid To Challenge Marijuana Recriminalization Law

Columbus, OH: The state’s Attorney General has rejected a petition that sought to repeal certain provisions of Senate Bill 56, arguing that the proposal’s summary language was misleading.

“Upon review of the summary, we identified omissions and misstatements that, as a whole, would mislead a potential signer as to the scope and effect of SB 56,” the AG determined.

In December, Republican Gov. Mike DeWine signed SB 56 into law. The law amends and repeals various provisions of Ohio’s voter-approved adult-use legalization law. Among the more significant changes, it criminalizes possessing marijuana products obtained from out-of-state, including products legally purchased at licensed dispensaries in neighboring jurisdictions. It also repeals provisions protecting adult-use consumers from facing either workplace or professional disciplinary action, as well as other forms of discrimination based solely upon their private marijuana use (such as the denial of parental rights or certain hospital procedures, such as organ transplants).

Other provisions in the law impose new criminal sanctions upon those who either possess or transport certain cannabis products if they are not in their original, unopened packaging and restrict the retail sale of hemp-derived products, including beverages, solely to state-licensed dispensaries.

Following the passage of SB 56, business owners and other advocates formed the group Ohioans for Cannabis Choice, which sought to place a referendum on the November ballot asking voters to reject the law. Activists now have the option of revising and resubmitting their petition for reconsideration.

A spokesperson for the groups says that it intends to do so, stating, “Voters this November will have the opportunity to say no to SB 56, no to government overreach, no to closing 6,000 businesses and abandoning thousands of Ohio workers, and no to defying the will of Ohioans who overwhelmingly supported legalizing cannabis in 2023.”

A summary of SB 56’s revisions to Ohio’s adult-use marijuana legalization and hemp laws is available from Ohio State University.

Clinical Trial: Cannabis Topicals Mitigate Pain, Improve Physical Functioning in Breast Cancer Patients

Minneapolis, MN: Breast cancer patients prescribed aromatase inhibitors (estrogen-blocking drugs) experience reduced musculoskeletal pain following their use of topical balms containing plant-derived cannabinoids, according to clinical trial data published in the journal Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research.

Researchers with the University of Minnesota evaluated the efficacy of CBD-dominant and THC-dominant topicals in 21 patients suffering from aromatase inhibitor-induced pain. Study participants were randomly selected to apply either CBD-dominant or THC-dominant balms on their hands, wrists, and fingers three times daily for at least two weeks. Cannabis products were provided at no cost by a state-licensed medical cannabis manufacturer.

Eighty-six percent of participants experienced improvements in their baseline pain scores, with patients using THC-dominant topicals reporting the greatest degree of pain relief. Benefits were sustained throughout the length of the trial (up to four weeks).

“Women with breast cancer and AIMSS [aromatase inhibitor-induced musculoskeletal syndrome] affecting hands and wrists reported improved pain and physical functioning when using THC and CBD balms. Use of topical cannabis balms was well tolerated and did not impact estradiol levels or lead to systemic THC absorption,” the study’s authors concluded. “Cannabis balms appear safe and may lead to improvement in AIMSS in patients with breast cancer. Future placebo-controlled trials with longer duration of use are needed.”

Previous clinical trials have similarly demonstrated the efficacy of CBD-infused topicals in treating osteoarthritic hand pain.

Full text of the study, “A randomized, open-label trial to assess feasibility and tolerability of topical cannabis balms for the treatment of aromatase inhibitor-associated musculoskeletal syndrome (AIMSS),” appears in Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research.

Czech Republic: Legislation Takes Effect Legalizing Personal Marijuana Possession

Prague, Czechia: Legislation legalizing the personal possession of cannabis took effect in the Czech Republic on January 1st.

Under the law, which was passed last year, those 21 or older may home-cultivate (up to three plants) and possess (up to 100 grams) cannabis in private without penalty. Adults may also legally possess lower amounts of cannabis (up to 25 grams) outside their homes.

Possessing larger quantities of cannabis or engaging in cannabis sales remains subject to civil and/or criminal penalties.

The Czech Republic is one of several European countries that have recently taken action to eliminate marijuana possession penalties. Last year, German lawmakers approved legislation permitting those 18 or older to possess limited quantities of cannabis. Lawmakers in Luxembourg and Malta have also enacted similar policies.

Canada: No Increase in Youth Cannabis Use Post Legalization

Ottawa, Canada: Rates of teen marijuana use in Canada have remained largely unchanged in the years following the adoption of adult-use legalization, according to data published in the journal Drug and Alcohol Dependence Reports.

Health Canada officials reviewed youth use data for the years prior to legalization and afterward.

They reported, “Overall, there was no change in prevalence of past 12-month, past 30-day, or frequent cannabis use” among students in grades 7 to 12. Researchers also reported no changes in young people’s age of cannabis initiation or in the percentage of teens who acknowledge driving after consuming cannabis.

The study’s authors concluded: “The current study provides estimates of cannabis use among a large, population-based sample of youth in the Canadian provinces over a 10-year period. … [It] examined grade 7–12 students and found no change in past 12-month cannabis use overall. … Continued public education programs can help maintain and improve youth awareness of the potential harms of cannabis.”

Data from the United States reports nationwide declines in youth marijuana use over the past decade, during which time nearly half of all states have adopted adult-use legalization.

Full text of the study, “Changes in patterns of use. And perceptions of cannabis among students in Canada: A decade of data from the Canadian Student Alcohol and Drugs Survey,” appears inDrug and Alcohol Dependence Reports.

Maine: Cannabis Sales Tax Hike Takes Effect

Augusta, ME: Sales taxes on the purchase of adult-use cannabis products rose nearly 30 percent on January 1, as new legislation took effect.

Under the new tax law, which lawmakers approved last year, consumers must pay a 14 percent sales tax on adult-use marijuana products (up from 10 percent). Medical cannabis products are subject to lower taxes.

Democratic Gov. Janet Mills had initially proposed the sales tax hike to address the state’s budget deficit.

Separate provisions in the tax bill, however, reduce certain excise taxes imposed upon cannabis cultivators, which may result in lower retail prices for consumers.

Maine is one of several states, including Maryland, Michigan, and Minnesota, where lawmakers last year voted to increase cannabis-related sales taxes. (Michigan’s tax increase is being challenged in court.) By contrast, in October, a legislative effort led by California NORML successfully rolled back marijuana-related taxes in that state.

NORML opposes excessive taxes on retail cannabis goods because they escalate prices out of reach for some consumers. “Excessive taxes drive a growing percentage of consumers to the unregulated market, thereby undermining the primary goal of legalization, which is to provide adults with safe, affordable, above-ground access to lab-tested products of known purity, potency, and quality,” NORML’s Deputy Director Paul Armentano said. “Tax increases also hurt state-licensed businesses and their employees because they increase their costs and reduce their customer base.”

2025 Year in Review: Top Ten Events in Marijuana Policy

#1: President Trump Takes Executive Action to Federally Reschedule Cannabis

President Donald Trump issued an executive order in December directing the US Attorney General to finalize a Biden-era recommendation to amend marijuana’s longstanding classification as a Schedule I federally controlled substance. Prior to signing the order, Trump said, “These facts compel the federal government to recognize that marijuana can be legitimate in terms of medical applications.”

Commenting on the order, NORML’s Deputy Director Paul Armentano said, “While such a move potentially provides some benefits to patients, and veterans especially, it still falls well short of the changes necessary to bring federal marijuana policy into the 21st century.”

Despite the Administration’s action, it remains unclear when a change in marijuana’s federal scheduling will be codified. Any final order to reclassify cannabis is subject to a period of judicial review, whereby interested parties have an opportunity to challenge the order, which could further delay its implementation.

#2: GOP Lawmakers Undermine Voter-Approved Marijuana Measures

Republican lawmakers in various states took actions this year amending or repealing voter-approved marijuana laws.

In Texas, Republican Attorney General Ken Paxton sued several cities, including Austin and San Marcos, to overturn voter-initiated marijuana depenalization laws. In Nebraska, lawmakers and regulators gutted the state’s voter-approved medical cannabis access law by rescinding patients’ access to botanical cannabis, among other restrictions. In Ohio, Republican lawmakers approved legislation rolling back legal protections for adult-use cannabis consumers and recriminalizing various marijuana-related activities, including obtaining cannabis products from out-of-state retailers.

In response to this trend, NORML’s Deputy Director Paul Armentano said: “In a healthy democracy, those with competing visions on public policy vie for voters’ support and abide by their voting decisions. However, it is becoming clear that those who oppose marijuana policy reform would rather take voters out of the equation altogether. Whether or not one personally supports or opposes cannabis legalization, these undemocratic tactics ought to cause deep concern.”

#3 Federal Data: Teen Marijuana Use Continues Historic Decline

Federally funded survey data compiled by the University of Michigan in December reports that teens’ use of marijuana has declined significantly since states began regulating adult-use cannabis markets, and it now stands at or near historic lows.

Between 2012 and 2025, the percentage of 12th graders reporting having ever used cannabis fell by 23 percent. Among 10th graders, it fell 35 percent. Among 8th graders, lifetime use dropped 17 percent. During that same time period, past-year cannabis use fell 30 percent among 12th graders, 44 percent among 10th graders, and 34 percent among 8th graders. The percentage of teens reporting having consumed cannabis over the past 30 days also declined significantly — falling 25 percent among 12th graders, 45 percent among 10th graders, and 38 percent among 8th graders.

“We are encouraged that adolescent drug use remains relatively low and that so many teens choose not to use drugs at all,” said Dr. Nora D. Volkow, Director of NIH’s National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), in a press release.

#4: Congress Approves Legislation Restricting Sales of Hemp-Derived Intoxicants

Federal lawmakers in November finalized and passed legislation recriminalizing the sale of certain hemp-derived intoxicating products. The law – which doesn’t take effect until November 2026 – redefines federally legal hemp products only to include those containing no more than either 0.3 percent or 0.4 milligrams of THC or other cannabinoids that produce similar effects, including THCA. In addition, it criminalizes “any intermediate hemp-derived cannabinoid products which are marketed or sold as a final product or directly to an end consumer for personal or household use” as well as products that are produced following chemical synthesis, such as those high in delta-8 THC content.

While the revised language is not explicitly intended to target hemp-derived, non-intoxicating CBD products, some industry advocates fear that these products will also ultimately be banned by the legislation because they often contain trace levels of THC. However, in December, President Trump called on his aides to work with Congress to ensure that patients do not lose access to regulated CBD products.

#5: Marijuana Arrests Continue to Decline

State and local law enforcement made nearly 190,000 marijuana possession-related arrests in 2024, according to data compiled by the US Federal Bureau of Investigation and posted on its Crime Data Explorer website. While that total represents a 30-year low, marijuana-related arrests still comprise more than 22 percent of all drug arrests nationwide. In five states (Idaho, Iowa, Louisiana, Nebraska, and Wisconsin), more than half of all drug-related arrests reported by state and local law enforcement agencies in 2024 were cannabis-related.

Marijuana arrests peaked in the United States in 2007, when police made over 870,000 marijuana-related arrests. At that time, just under half (48 percent) of all drug-related arrests in the United States were for marijuana-related violations.

#6: Longitudinal Trials Show Cannabis Provides Sustained Benefits for Patients

Chronically ill patients experience sustained symptomatic relief from either herbal cannabis or oil extracts, according to the findings of numerous longitudinal trials published in 2025.

According to the results of the trials, which included thousands of patients, cannabis preparations were safe and effective for periods of up to 18 months for those suffering from pain, insomnia, fibromyalgia, treatment-resistant epilepsy, post-traumatic stress, hypermobility disorders, endometriosis, and numerous other conditions.

Most of the participants in the trials are enrolled in the UK Medical Cannabis Registry. Under British law, health care providers may prescribe cannabis-based medicinal products to patients unresponsive to conventional medications.

#7 November Election Outcomes Could Reshape East Coast Cannabis Markets

The election of Democratic Governors in New Jersey and Virginia could lead to the expansion of those states’ adult-use cannabis policies in 2026.

In Virginia, Abigail Spanberger will replace Republican Gov. Glenn Youngkin, who on multiple occasions vetoed legislation regulating the retail sale of cannabis products to adults. By contrast, Governor-elect Spanberger has pledged, “I look forward to working with our General Assembly to find a path forward to creating a legalized retail market for cannabis that both prioritizes public safety and grows Virginia’s economy.”

In New Jersey, Governor-elect Mikie Sherrill supports expanding New Jersey’s adult-use cannabis program, including allowing home cultivation and improving consumer access, safety, and affordability.

#8: Studies Consistently Show Cannabis Access Reduces Alcohol Consumption

Several studies published in 2025 report that consumers significantly reduce their alcohol intake following the use of cannabis.

In one study, subjects in a laboratory setting reduced their intake of alcoholic beverages by 25 percent following cannabis inhalation. In another study, participants reduced their alcohol intake by as much as 27 percent following cannabis consumption.

Finally, in a third study, patients seeking treatment for alcohol use disorder “consumed a mean of 8.08 daily MAP [Managed Alcohol Program]-provided standard drinks prior to the introduction of cannabis substitution and a mean of 6.45 daily MAP-provided standard drinks after its introduction.”

Commenting on the consistent results, NORML’s Deputy Director Paul Armentano said: “These findings provide support for the idea that legal cannabis can serve as a substitute for alcohol among certain individuals, and that legal cannabis markets may, in some instances, disrupt alcohol-dominant marketplaces.”

#9: Marijuana Legalization Support Remains High, But Dips Among Republicans

Nearly two out of three US adults say that “the use of marijuana should be legal,” according to nationwide polling data compiled in November by Gallup. That percentage represents a slight dip from 2024 data, when 68 percent of respondents backed legalization.

The percentage change was primarily driven by declining support among Republicans – only 40 percent of whom endorse marijuana legalization. By contrast, 85 percent of Democrats support legalization – a near all-time high, as do 66 percent of Independents.

Historically, Republicans have been less likely than either Democrats or Independents to express support for legalization. In 2023, 55 percent of Republicans endorsed legalizing marijuana, the highest percentage ever.

#10: NIH Database Now Includes Over 53,000 Cannabis-Related Studies

For the fifth consecutive year, researchers worldwide published over 4,000 scientific papers specific to cannabis, its active constituents, and their effects, according to the results of a keyword search of the National Library of Medicine/PubMed.gov website.

“Despite the perception that marijuana has yet to be subject to adequate scientific scrutiny, scientists’ interest in studying cannabis has increased exponentially in the past decade, as has our understanding of the plant, its active constituents, their mechanisms of action, and their effects on both the user and upon society,” NORML’s Deputy Director Paul Armentano said. “It is time for politicians and others to stop assessing cannabis through the lens of ‘what we don’t know’ and instead start engaging in evidence-based discussions about marijuana and marijuana reform policies that are indicative of all that we do know.”

Over the past decade, there has been a dramatic increase in scientific inquiries about the cannabis plant — with researchers publishing more than 37,000 scientific papers about cannabis since the beginning of 2015. As of this writing, PubMed.gov cites over 53,000 scientific papers on marijuana dating back to the year 1840.

2025 Year in Review: Top Ten Events in Marijuana Policy

#1: President Trump Takes Executive Action to Federally Reschedule Cannabis

President Donald Trump issued an executive order in December directing the US Attorney General to finalize a Biden-era recommendation to amend marijuana’s longstanding classification as a Schedule I federally controlled substance. Prior to signing the order, Trump said, “These facts compel the federal government to recognize that marijuana can be legitimate in terms of medical applications.”

Commenting on the order, NORML’s Deputy Director Paul Armentano said, “While such a move potentially provides some benefits to patients, and veterans especially, it still falls well short of the changes necessary to bring federal marijuana policy into the 21st century.”

Despite the Administration’s action, it remains unclear when a change in marijuana’s federal scheduling will be codified. Any final order to reclassify cannabis is subject to a period of judicial review, whereby interested parties have an opportunity to challenge the order, which could further delay its implementation.

#2: GOP Lawmakers Undermine Voter-Approved Marijuana Measures

Republican lawmakers in various states took actions this year amending or repealing voter-approved marijuana laws.

In Texas, Republican Attorney General Ken Paxton sued several cities, including Austin and San Marcos, to overturn voter-initiated marijuana depenalization laws. In Nebraska, lawmakers and regulators gutted the state’s voter-approved medical cannabis access law by rescinding patients’ access to botanical cannabis, among other restrictions. In Ohio, Republican lawmakers approved legislation rolling back legal protections for adult-use cannabis consumers and recriminalizing various marijuana-related activities, including obtaining cannabis products from out-of-state retailers.

In response to this trend, NORML’s Deputy Director Paul Armentano said: “In a healthy democracy, those with competing visions on public policy vie for voters’ support and abide by their voting decisions. However, it is becoming clear that those who oppose marijuana policy reform would rather take voters out of the equation altogether. Whether or not one personally supports or opposes cannabis legalization, these undemocratic tactics ought to cause deep concern.”

#3 Federal Data: Teen Marijuana Use Continues Historic Decline

Federally funded survey data compiled by the University of Michigan in December reports that teens’ use of marijuana has declined significantly since states began regulating adult-use cannabis markets, and it now stands at or near historic lows.

Between 2012 and 2025, the percentage of 12th graders reporting having ever used cannabis fell by 23 percent. Among 10th graders, it fell 35 percent. Among 8th graders, lifetime use dropped 17 percent. During that same time period, past-year cannabis use fell 30 percent among 12th graders, 44 percent among 10th graders, and 34 percent among 8th graders. The percentage of teens reporting having consumed cannabis over the past 30 days also declined significantly — falling 25 percent among 12th graders, 45 percent among 10th graders, and 38 percent among 8th graders.

“We are encouraged that adolescent drug use remains relatively low and that so many teens choose not to use drugs at all,” said Dr. Nora D. Volkow, Director of NIH’s National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), in a press release.

#4: Congress Approves Legislation Restricting Sales of Hemp-Derived Intoxicants

Federal lawmakers in November finalized and passed legislation recriminalizing the sale of certain hemp-derived intoxicating products. The law – which doesn’t take effect until November 2026 – redefines federally legal hemp products only to include those containing no more than either 0.3 percent or 0.4 milligrams of THC or other cannabinoids that produce similar effects, including THCA. In addition, it criminalizes “any intermediate hemp-derived cannabinoid products which are marketed or sold as a final product or directly to an end consumer for personal or household use” as well as products that are produced following chemical synthesis, such as those high in delta-8 THC content.

While the revised language is not explicitly intended to target hemp-derived, non-intoxicating CBD products, some industry advocates fear that these products will also ultimately be banned by the legislation because they often contain trace levels of THC. However, in December, President Trump called on his aides to work with Congress to ensure that patients do not lose access to regulated CBD products.

#5: Marijuana Arrests Continue to Decline

State and local law enforcement made nearly 190,000 marijuana possession-related arrests in 2024, according to data compiled by the US Federal Bureau of Investigation and posted on its Crime Data Explorer website. While that total represents a 30-year low, marijuana-related arrests still comprise more than 22 percent of all drug arrests nationwide. In five states (Idaho, Iowa, Louisiana, Nebraska, and Wisconsin), more than half of all drug-related arrests reported by state and local law enforcement agencies in 2024 were cannabis-related.

Marijuana arrests peaked in the United States in 2007, when police made over 870,000 marijuana-related arrests. At that time, just under half (48 percent) of all drug-related arrests in the United States were for marijuana-related violations.

#6: Longitudinal Trials Show Cannabis Provides Sustained Benefits for Patients

Chronically ill patients experience sustained symptomatic relief from either herbal cannabis or oil extracts, according to the findings of numerous longitudinal trials published in 2025.

According to the results of the trials, which included thousands of patients, cannabis preparations were safe and effective for periods of up to 18 months for those suffering from pain, insomnia, fibromyalgia, treatment-resistant epilepsy, post-traumatic stress, hypermobility disorders, endometriosis, and numerous other conditions.

Most of the participants in the trials are enrolled in the UK Medical Cannabis Registry. Under British law, health care providers may prescribe cannabis-based medicinal products to patients unresponsive to conventional medications.

#7 November Election Outcomes Could Reshape East Coast Cannabis Markets

The election of Democratic Governors in New Jersey and Virginia could lead to the expansion of those states’ adult-use cannabis policies in 2026.

In Virginia, Abigail Spanberger will replace Republican Gov. Glenn Youngkin, who on multiple occasions vetoed legislation regulating the retail sale of cannabis products to adults. By contrast, Governor-elect Spanberger has pledged, “I look forward to working with our General Assembly to find a path forward to creating a legalized retail market for cannabis that both prioritizes public safety and grows Virginia’s economy.”

In New Jersey, Governor-elect Mikie Sherrill supports expanding New Jersey’s adult-use cannabis program, including allowing home cultivation and improving consumer access, safety, and affordability.

#8: Studies Consistently Show Cannabis Access Reduces Alcohol Consumption

Several studies published in 2025 report that consumers significantly reduce their alcohol intake following the use of cannabis.

In one study, subjects in a laboratory setting reduced their intake of alcoholic beverages by 25 percent following cannabis inhalation. In another study, participants reduced their alcohol intake by as much as 27 percent following cannabis consumption.

Finally, in a third study, patients seeking treatment for alcohol use disorder “consumed a mean of 8.08 daily MAP [Managed Alcohol Program]-provided standard drinks prior to the introduction of cannabis substitution and a mean of 6.45 daily MAP-provided standard drinks after its introduction.”

Commenting on the consistent results, NORML’s Deputy Director Paul Armentano said: “These findings provide support for the idea that legal cannabis can serve as a substitute for alcohol among certain individuals, and that legal cannabis markets may, in some instances, disrupt alcohol-dominant marketplaces.”

#9: Marijuana Legalization Support Remains High, But Dips Among Republicans

Nearly two out of three US adults say that “the use of marijuana should be legal,” according to nationwide polling data compiled in November by Gallup. That percentage represents a slight dip from 2024 data, when 68 percent of respondents backed legalization.

The percentage change was primarily driven by declining support among Republicans – only 40 percent of whom endorse marijuana legalization. By contrast, 85 percent of Democrats support legalization – a near all-time high, as do 66 percent of Independents.

Historically, Republicans have been less likely than either Democrats or Independents to express support for legalization. In 2023, 55 percent of Republicans endorsed legalizing marijuana, the highest percentage ever.

#10: NIH Database Now Includes Over 53,000 Cannabis-Related Studies

For the fifth consecutive year, researchers worldwide published over 4,000 scientific papers specific to cannabis, its active constituents, and their effects, according to the results of a keyword search of the National Library of Medicine/PubMed.gov website.

“Despite the perception that marijuana has yet to be subject to adequate scientific scrutiny, scientists’ interest in studying cannabis has increased exponentially in the past decade, as has our understanding of the plant, its active constituents, their mechanisms of action, and their effects on both the user and upon society,” NORML’s Deputy Director Paul Armentano said. “It is time for politicians and others to stop assessing cannabis through the lens of ‘what we don’t know’ and instead start engaging in evidence-based discussions about marijuana and marijuana reform policies that are indicative of all that we do know.”

Over the past decade, there has been a dramatic increase in scientific inquiries about the cannabis plant — with researchers publishing more than 37,000 scientific papers about cannabis since the beginning of 2015. As of this writing, PubMed.gov cites over 53,000 scientific papers on marijuana dating back to the year 1840.

Study: Cannabis Treatment Provides Sustained Relief for Patients With Fibromyalgia

London, United Kingdom: Patients with fibromyalgia (FM) report sustained improvements in their health-related quality of life following the use of medical cannabis preparations, according to observational data published in the journal Clinical Rheumatology.

British investigators assessed the adjunctive use of cannabis-based medicinal products (CBMPs) in a cohort of 497 FM patients enrolled in the UK Medical Cannabis Registry. (British health care providers may prescribe cannabis-based medicinal products to patients unresponsive to conventional medications.) Patients’ outcomes were assessed at baseline and at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 18 months. Study participants consumed either herbal cannabis or oil extracts containing standardized concentrations of THC and CBD.

Consistent with previous studies, patients reported long-term improvements in their pain, anxiety, sleep, and overall quality of life following cannabis treatment. Participants who consumed formulations containing greater concentrations of CBD were most likely to report symptom relief.

“CBMPs were associated with improvements in all PROMs [patient-reported outcome measures], fibromyalgia-specific and general-health related, from baseline to all follow-up measures at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 18 months,” the study’s authors concluded. “More randomized controlled trials are warranted, but this large analysis provides real-world data to inform their conduct.”

Other observational studies assessing the use of cannabis products among patients enrolled in the UK Medical Cannabis Registry have reported them to be beneficial for those diagnosed with treatment-resistant epilepsy, cancer-related pain, anxiety, endometriosis, inflammatory bowel disease, hypermobility disorders, depression, migraine, multiple sclerosis, osteoarthritis, substance use disorders, insomnia, and inflammatory arthritis, among other conditions.

Full text of the study, “UK Medicinal Cannabis Registry: A case series analyzing clinical outcomes of medicinal cannabis therapy for fibromyalgia,” appears in Clinical Rheumatology.

Analysis: Cannabis Use Not Linked to Suicide in High-Risk Individuals

Boulder, CO: Cannabis use is not associated with an increased risk of later life suicidality in high-risk young adults, according to longitudinal data published in the journal Addictive Behaviors Reports.

Investigators affiliated with the University of Colorado at Boulder assessed the relationship between substance use and suicidality in a cohort of high-risk adolescent siblings. Study participants were assessed at age 17 and again at ages 24 and 30.

“There was little evidence of an association between suicidality and any substance use examined in the present study, with the possible exception of tobacco use,” the study’s authors concluded. “Cannabis use did not show a consistent association with cross-sectional or later life suicidality in this high-risk sample.”

Separate data published earlier this year reported no increase in “emergency department presentations for suicidal ideation and attempts” in Canada following adult-use cannabis legalization.

Research published by the National Bureau of Economic Research finds that “suicide rates among older age groups declined [in the United States] following the opening of recreational marijuana dispensaries.”

Full text of the study, “Associations between cannabis use frequency and suicidal thoughts and behaviors: A clinical longitudinal sibling study,” appears in Addictive Behavior Reports.

SCOTUS: Justices Refuse To Hear Case Challenging Federal Cannabis Prohibition

Washington, DC: Judges on the US Supreme Court have declined to take up a lower court case challenging the constitutionality of federal marijuana prohibition.

Petitioners argued that Congress’ reliance on the Commerce Clause of the Fifth Amendment to prohibit the trafficking of state-legal cannabis products exceeds its constitutional authority. Lower courts had rejected petitioners’ arguments and justices on the Supreme Court refused to grant certiorari.

The Supreme Court previously upheld the constitutionality of federal cannabis prohibition in 2005 in the case Gonzalez v. Raich. However, in 2021, Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas opined that the Court ought to revisit that decision because federal policies [since then] have greatly undermined [the Court’s] reasoning.”

NORML had previously raised similar arguments in the federal case US v. Schweder et al. However, the judge in that case ultimately determined that Congress’ decision to criminalize marijuana was not without a “rational basis.”

“At some point in time, a court may decide this status to be unconstitutional,” the judge ruled. “But this is not the court and not the time.”

The case is Canna Provisions et al. v Bondi.

Federal: Lawmakers Reintroduce Legislation Safeguarding Federally-Assisted Housing Access for Cannabis Consumers

Washington, DC: Congresswoman Eleanor Holmes Norton (D-DC) and Senator Cory Booker (D-NJ) have reintroduced legislation, the Marijuana in Federally Assisted Housing Parity Act, permitting residents in federally assisted housing to consume cannabis products in compliance with their state’s marijuana laws.

Federal law currently allows the US Department of Housing and Urban Development to remove residents from public housing and Section 8 housing if a tenant has engaged in the use of a controlled substance while on the premises, “including [the use of] state legalized medical marijuana.”

Speaking in support of the legislation, Congresswoman Holmes Norton said: “Individuals living in federally funded housing should not fear eviction simply for treating their medical conditions or for seeking a substance legal in their state. Increasingly, Americans are changing their views on marijuana, and it is time that Congress caught up with its own constituents. With so many states improving their laws, this issue should have broad bipartisan appeal because it protects states’ rights.”

NORML’s Political Director Morgan Fox, who is working with lawmakers to promote the bill, added, “At a time when affording a home or rent is becoming significantly more difficult and states are increasingly criminalizing being unhoused, it is outrageous to deny people access to public housing for responsibly using a substance that is legal in some form in most of the country. This outdated federal policy is particularly cruel when applied to medical cannabis patients, who are often forced to choose between their health and basic shelter. NORML is proud to endorse this legislation to stop housing discrimination against vulnerable Americans who consume cannabis in compliance with state laws.”

Longitudinal Study: Endometriosis Patients Experience Improvements Following Medical Cannabis Therapy

London, United Kingdom: Endometriosis patients report health-related quality of life improvements following the use of medical cannabis preparations, according to observational data published in the journal Obstetrics & Gynecology.

British investigators assessed the use of cannabis-based medicinal products (CBMPs) in a cohort of 63 endometriosis patients enrolled in the UK Medical Cannabis Registry. (British health care providers may prescribe cannabis-based medicinal products to patients unresponsive to conventional medications.) Patients’ outcomes were assessed at baseline and at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 18 months. Study participants consumed either herbal cannabis or oil extracts containing a nearly equal ratio of THC and CBD.

Patients acknowledged improvements in their chronic pain and other health-related quality of life measures following cannabis therapy.

“These results provide a signal towards improvement in short-term pain severity and interference for endometriosis patients after the initiation of CMBP treatment,” the study’s authors concluded. “This study provides valuable real-world data and complements the development of RCTs [randomized clinical trials] to further examine the efficacy and safety of CBMPs for endometriosis-associated chronic pain.”

Survey data reports that nearly one in five endometriosis patients consume cannabis to manage their symptoms.

Other observational studies assessing the use of cannabis products among those enrolled in the UK Medical Cannabis Registry have reported them to be beneficial for patients diagnosed with treatment-resistant epilepsy, cancer-related pain, anxiety, fibromyalgia, inflammatory bowel disease, hypermobility disorders, depression, migraine, multiple sclerosis, osteoarthritis, substance use disorders, insomnia, and inflammatory arthritis, among other conditions.

Full text of the study, “A longitudinal assessment of endometriosis patients prescribed cannabis-based medicinal products: A case series from the UK Medical Cannabis Registry,” appears in Obstetrics & Gynecology.

Case Reports: Cannabis Oil Associated With Tumor Regression in Patients With Advanced Liver Cancer

Groningen, Netherlands: A pair of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) experienced spontaneous tumor regression following the daily use of cannabis extracts, according to data published in the Journal of Cannabis Research.

Dutch investigators documented “complete” tumor regression in a pair of patients with advanced HCC. Both patients consumed THC-dominant cannabis oils daily. Neither patient engaged in any significant lifestyle, dietary, or other supportive interventions aside from the use of cannabis extracts.

Spontaneous regression of HCC typically occurs in fewer than one-half of one percent of all cases.

The study’s authors concluded: “In this report, we present two patients (ages 82 and 77) with advanced HCC with a high tumor burden who demonstrated durable and complete regression after use of cannabis oil. … The observations in this report build on previous (pre)clinical research highlighting the potential anti-tumor qualities of cannabinoids and stress the need for clinical trials investigating the anti-tumor effects of cannabinoids in cancer patients.”

Cannabinoids have demonstrated well-established anti-cancer activities in preclinical models, but their efficacy as an anti-cancer agent has rarely been assessed in clinical trials.

Full text of the study, “Durable complete response of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma using cannabis oil: A report of two cases,” appears in the Journal of Cannabis Research.

Study: Cannabis Use History Not Linked To Elevated Risk of Prostate Cancer

Miami, FL: Men over 50 with a history of cannabis use are no more likely to experience prostate cancer than are non-users, according to data published in the journal Nature: Scientific Reports.

Investigators affiliated with the University of Miami’s Miller School of Medicine assessed the relationship between the lifetime use of cannabis and psychedelic drugs with prostate cancer diagnoses among a representative sample of older adults.

Researchers identified a slight correlation between psychedelic drug use and prostate cancer, but they reported no similar elevated risk among those who consumed cannabis. “No significant associations were found for cannabis-only use versus non-use,” they acknowledged.

“With the growing acceptance and accessibility of cannabis and psychedelics for both medical and recreational purposes, understanding their potential long-term health implications is essential, particularly for older adults who are at higher risk of prostate cancer diagnosis,” the study’s authors concluded. “[O]ur cross-sectional findings … may inform clinicians to consider discussing substance use histories, including cannabis and psychedelic use, during routine health assessments and cancer risk evaluations in aging male patients.”

Full text of the study, “Association between lifetime co-use of classic psychedelics and cannabis and prostate cancer diagnosis among US adults 50 years and older,” appears in Nature: Scientific Reports.

Analysis: Cannabis Use Not Associated With Heart Abnormalities in HIV Patients

Miami, FL: HIV patients with a history of cannabis use are not at an increased risk for myocardial infarction or other adverse cardiovascular events, according to ECG (electrocardiogram) findings published in the Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.

Investigators affiliated with the University of Miami’s Miller School of Medicine and the University of California at San Francisco assessed ECG results in 3,610 HIV patients with and without a history of cannabis use.

Researchers reported that cannabis use was not independently associated with ECG abnormalities, including evidence of myocardial infarction (heart attack). They concluded, “We sought to evaluate the association of cannabis use and ECG abnormalities. … Evidence of ECG abnormalities did not vary significantly by cannabis use status alone in the overall cohort, nor by sex, when controlling for covariates.”

Although individual studies assessing cannabis use and cardiovascular health have yielded inconsistent results, a literature review of 67 papers published in The American Journal of Medicine concluded, “[M]arijuana itself does not appear to be independently associated with excessive cardiovascular risk factors.” More recently, an analysis of over 720,000 adults published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine (AJPM) Focus concluded that current cannabis consumers do not possess a greater risk of heart attack as compared to non-users.

Full text of the study, “The association between cannabis use and electrocardiographic abnormalities in people living with HIV,” appears in the Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.